rust-by-practice/solutions/generics-traits/advanced-trait.md

struct Container(i32, i32);

// A trait which checks if 2 items are stored inside of container.
// Also retrieves first or last value.
trait Contains {
    // Define generic types here which methods will be able to utilize.
    type A;
    type B;

    fn contains(&self, _: &Self::A, _: &Self::B) -> bool;
    fn first(&self) -> i32;
    fn last(&self) -> i32;
}

impl Contains for Container {
    // Specify what types `A` and `B` are. If the `input` type
    // is `Container(i32, i32)`, the `output` types are determined
    // as `i32` and `i32`.
    type A = i32;
    type B = i32;

    // `&Self::A` and `&Self::B` are also valid here.
    fn contains(&self, number_1: &i32, number_2: &i32) -> bool {
        (&self.0 == number_1) && (&self.1 == number_2)
    }
    // Grab the first number.
    fn first(&self) -> i32 { self.0 }

    // Grab the last number.
    fn last(&self) -> i32 { self.1 }
}

fn difference<C: Contains>(container: &C) -> i32 {
    container.last() - container.first()
}

fn main() {
    let number_1 = 3;
    let number_2 = 10;

    let container = Container(number_1, number_2);

    println!("Does container contain {} and {}: {}",
        &number_1, &number_2,
        container.contains(&number_1, &number_2));
    println!("First number: {}", container.first());
    println!("Last number: {}", container.last());
    
    println!("The difference is: {}", difference(&container));
}

impl<T: Sub<Output = T>> Sub<Point<T>> for Point<T> {
    type Output = Self;

    fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
        Point {
            x: self.x - other.x,
            y: self.y - other.y,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Sub<Output = T>> Sub<Self> for Point<T> {
    type Output = Self;

    fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
        Point {
            x: self.x - other.x,
            y: self.y - other.y,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Sub<Output = T>> Sub for Point<T> {
    type Output = Self;

    fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
        Point {
            x: self.x - other.x,
            y: self.y - other.y,
        }
    }
}

trait Pilot {
    fn fly(&self) -> String;
}

trait Wizard {
    fn fly(&self) -> String;
}

struct Human;

impl Pilot for Human {
    fn fly(&self) -> String {
        String::from("This is your captain speaking.")
    }
}

impl Wizard for Human {
    fn fly(&self) -> String {
        String::from("Up!")
    }
}

impl Human {
    fn fly(&self) -> String {
        String::from("*waving arms furiously*")
    }
}

fn main() {
    let person = Human;
    assert_eq!(Pilot::fly(&person), "This is your captain speaking.");
    assert_eq!(Wizard::fly(&person), "Up!");

    assert_eq!(person.fly(), "*waving arms furiously*");

    println!("Success!")
}

trait Person {
    fn name(&self) -> String;
}

// Person is a supertrait of Student.
// Implementing Student requires you to also impl Person.
trait Student: Person {
    fn university(&self) -> String;
}

trait Programmer {
    fn fav_language(&self) -> String;
}

// CompSciStudent (computer science student) is a subtrait of both Programmer 
// and Student. Implementing CompSciStudent requires you to impl both supertraits.
trait CompSciStudent: Programmer + Student {
    fn git_username(&self) -> String;
}

fn comp_sci_student_greeting(student: &dyn CompSciStudent) -> String {
    format!(
        "My name is {} and I attend {}. My favorite language is {}. My Git username is {}",
        student.name(),
        student.university(),
        student.fav_language(),
        student.git_username()
    )
}

struct CSStudent {
    name: String,
    university: String,
    fav_language: String,
    git_username: String
}

impl Person for CSStudent {
    fn name(&self) -> String {
        self.name.clone()
    }
}

impl Student for CSStudent {
    fn university(&self) -> String {
        self.university.clone()
    }
}

impl Programmer for CSStudent {
    fn fav_language(&self) -> String {
        self.fav_language.clone()
    }
}

impl CompSciStudent for CSStudent {
    fn git_username(&self) -> String {
        self.git_username.clone()
    }
}

fn main() {
    let student = CSStudent {
        name: "Sunfei".to_string(),
        university: "XXX".to_string(),
        fav_language: "Rust".to_string(),
        git_username: "sunface".to_string()
    };

    println!("{}", comp_sci_student_greeting(&student));
}

use std::fmt;

// DEFINE a newtype `Pretty`
struct Pretty(String);

impl fmt::Display for Pretty {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "\"{}\"", self.0.clone() + ", world")
    }
}

fn main() {
    let w = Pretty("hello".to_string());
    println!("w = {}", w);
}