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<h1 style="color:white !important; font-size:10px!important;">The worlds most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data</h1>The worlds most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data <div style="clear:both; color:#666666;margin-top:8px;font-size:12px; font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Source: </span>The Economist </div>
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<span><span style="font-weight:bold;">Date: </span>21-08-2017 <span style="font-weight:bold;">Time: </span>12:08:43:pm</span>
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<div class="article-image-caption">The data economy demands a new approach to antitrust rules.</div>
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<p>A NEW commodity spawns a lucrative, fast-growing industry, prompting
antitrust regulators to step in to restrain those who control its flow. A
century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are
being raised by the giants that deal in data, the oil of the digital
era.&nbsp;</p>
<p>These titans—Alphabet (Googles parent company), Amazon, Apple,
Facebook and Microsoft—look unstoppable. They are the five most valuable
listed firms in the world. Their profits are surging: they collectively
racked up over $25bn in net profit in the first quarter of 2017. Amazon
captures half of all dollars spent online in America. Google and
Facebook accounted for almost all the revenue growth in digital
advertising in America last year.</p>
<p>Such dominance has prompted calls for the tech giants to be broken
up, as Standard Oil was in the early 20th century. This newspaper has
argued against such drastic action in the past. Size alone is not a
crime. The giants success has benefited consumers.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Few want to live without Googles search engine, Amazons one-day
delivery or Facebooks newsfeed. Nor do these firms raise the alarm when
standard antitrust tests are applied. Far from gouging consumers, many
of their services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet
more data). Take account of offline rivals, and their market shares look
less worrying. And the emergence of upstarts like Snapchat suggests
that new entrants can still make waves.</p>
<p>But there is cause for concern. Internet companies control of data
gives them enormous power. Old ways of thinking about competition,
devised in the era of oil, look outdated in what has come to be called
the “data economy” (see Briefing). A new approach is needed.</p>
<p><b>Quantity has a quality all its own</b></p>
<p>What has changed? Smartphones and the internet have made data
abundant, ubiquitous and far more valuable. Whether you are going for a
run, watching TV or even just sitting in traffic, virtually every
activity creates a digital trace—more raw material for the data
distilleries. As devices from watches to cars connect to the internet,
the volume is increasing: some estimate that a self-driving car will
generate 100 gigabytes per second.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Meanwhile, artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine
learning extract more value from data. Algorithms can predict when a
customer is ready to buy, a jet-engine needs servicing or a person is at
risk of a disease. Industrial giants such as GE and Siemens now sell
themselves as data firms.</p>
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<p>This abundance of data changes the nature of competition. Technology
giants have always benefited from network effects: the more users
Facebook signs up, the more attractive signing up becomes for others.
With data there are extra network effects. By collecting more data, a
firm has more scope to improve its products, which attracts more users,
generating, even more, data, and so on.&nbsp;</p>
<p>The more data Tesla gathers from its self-driving cars, the better it
can make them at driving themselves—part of the reason the firm, which
sold only 25,000 cars in the first quarter, is now worth more than GM,
which sold 2.3m. Vast pools of data can thus act as protective moats.</p>
<p>Access to data also protects companies from rivals in another way.
The case for being sanguine about competition in the tech industry rests
on the potential for incumbents to be blindsided by a startup in a
garage or an unexpected technological shift. But both are less likely in
the data age. The giants surveillance systems span the entire economy:
Google can see what people search for, Facebook what they share, Amazon
what they buy.&nbsp;</p>
<p>They own app stores and operating systems, and rent out computing
power to start-ups. They have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their
own markets and beyond. They can see when a new product or service gains
traction, allowing them to copy it or simply buy the upstart before it
becomes too great a threat. Many think Facebooks $22bn purchase in 2014
of WhatsApp, a messaging app with fewer than 60 employees, falls into
this category of “shoot-out acquisitions” that eliminate potential
rivals. By providing barriers to entry and early-warning systems, data
can stifle competition.</p>
<p><b>Who </b><b>ya</b><b> gonna call, trustbusters?</b></p>
<p>The nature of data makes the antitrust remedies of the past less
useful. Breaking up a firm like Google into five Googlets would not stop
network effects from reasserting themselves: in time, one of them would
become dominant again. A radical rethink is required—and as the
outlines of a new approach start to become apparent, two ideas stand
out.</p>
<p>The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the
industrial era into the 21st century. When considering a merger, for
example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to
intervene. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data
assets when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also
be a signal that an incumbent is buying a nascent threat.&nbsp;</p><br>
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<p>On these measures, Facebooks willingness to pay so much for
WhatsApp, which had no revenue to speak of, would have raised red flags.
Trustbusters must also become more data-savvy in their analysis of
market dynamics, for example by using simulations to hunt for algorithms
colluding over prices or to determine how best to promote competition
(see Free exchange).</p>
<p>The second principle is to loosen the grip that providers of online
services have over data and give more control to those who supply them.
More transparency would help: companies could be forced to reveal to
consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from
it.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Governments could encourage the emergence of new services by opening
up more of their own data vaults or managing crucial parts of the data
economy as public infrastructure, as India does with its
digital-identity system, Aadhaar. They could also mandate the sharing of
certain kinds of data, with users consent—an approach Europe is taking
in financial services by requiring banks to make customers data
accessible to third parties.</p>
<p>Rebooting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. It will
entail new risks: more data sharing, for instance, could threaten
privacy. But if governments dont want a data economy dominated by a few
giants, they will need to act soon.</p>
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