# 进一步深入特征 ## 关联类型 关联类型主要用于提升代码的可读性,例如以下代码 : ```rust pub trait CacheableItem: Clone + Default + fmt::Debug + Decodable + Encodable { type Address: AsRef<[u8]> + Clone + fmt::Debug + Eq + Hash; fn is_null(&self) -> bool; } ``` 相比 `AsRef<[u8]> + Clone + fmt::Debug + Eq + Hash`, `Address` 的使用可以极大的减少其它类型在实现该特征时所需的模版代码. 1. 🌟🌟🌟 ```rust,editable struct Container(i32, i32); // 使用关联类型实现重新实现以下特征 // trait Contains { // type A; // type B; trait Contains { fn contains(&self, _: &A, _: &B) -> bool; fn first(&self) -> i32; fn last(&self) -> i32; } impl Contains for Container { fn contains(&self, number_1: &i32, number_2: &i32) -> bool { (&self.0 == number_1) && (&self.1 == number_2) } // Grab the first number. fn first(&self) -> i32 { self.0 } // Grab the last number. fn last(&self) -> i32 { self.1 } } fn difference>(container: &C) -> i32 { container.last() - container.first() } fn main() { let number_1 = 3; let number_2 = 10; let container = Container(number_1, number_2); println!("Does container contain {} and {}: {}", &number_1, &number_2, container.contains(&number_1, &number_2)); println!("First number: {}", container.first()); println!("Last number: {}", container.last()); println!("The difference is: {}", difference(&container)); } ``` ## 定义默认的泛型类型参数 当我们使用泛型类型参数时,可以为该泛型参数指定一个具体的默认类型,这样当实现该特征时,如果该默认类型可以使用,那用户再无需手动指定具体的类型。 2. 🌟🌟 ```rust,editable use std::ops::Sub; #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] struct Point { x: T, y: T, } // 用三种方法填空: 其中两种使用默认的泛型参数,另外一种不使用 impl __ { type Output = Self; fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output { Point { x: self.x - other.x, y: self.y - other.y, } } } fn main() { assert_eq!(Point { x: 2, y: 3 } - Point { x: 1, y: 0 }, Point { x: 1, y: 3 }); println!("Success!") } ``` ## 完全限定语法 在 Rust 中,两个不同特征的方法完全可以同名,且你可以为同一个类型同时实现这两个特征。这种情况下,就出现了一个问题:该如何调用这两个特征上定义的同名方法。为了解决这个问题,我们需要使用完全限定语法( Fully Qualified Syntax )。 #### 示例 ```rust,editable trait UsernameWidget { fn get(&self) -> String; } trait AgeWidget { fn get(&self) -> u8; } struct Form { username: String, age: u8, } impl UsernameWidget for Form { fn get(&self) -> String { self.username.clone() } } impl AgeWidget for Form { fn get(&self) -> u8 { self.age } } fn main() { let form = Form{ username: "rustacean".to_owned(), age: 28, }; // 如果你反注释下面一行代码,将看到一个错误: Fully Qualified Syntax // 毕竟,这里有好几个同名的 `get` 方法 // // println!("{}", form.get()); let username = UsernameWidget::get(&form); assert_eq!("rustacean".to_owned(), username); let age = AgeWidget::get(&form); // 你还可以使用以下语法 `
::get` assert_eq!(28, age); println!("Success!") } ``` #### 练习题 3. 🌟🌟 ```rust,editable trait Pilot { fn fly(&self) -> String; } trait Wizard { fn fly(&self) -> String; } struct Human; impl Pilot for Human { fn fly(&self) -> String { String::from("This is your captain speaking.") } } impl Wizard for Human { fn fly(&self) -> String { String::from("Up!") } } impl Human { fn fly(&self) -> String { String::from("*waving arms furiously*") } } fn main() { let person = Human; assert_eq!(__, "This is your captain speaking."); assert_eq!(__, "Up!"); assert_eq!(__, "*waving arms furiously*"); println!("Success!") } ``` ## Supertraits 有些时候我们希望在特征上实现类似继承的特性,例如让一个特征 `A` 使用另一个特征 `B` 的功能。这种情况下,一个类型要实现特征 `A` 首先要实现特征 `B`, 特征 `B` 就被称为 `supertrait` 4. 🌟🌟🌟 ```rust,editable trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String; } // Person 是 Student 的 supertrait . // 实现 Student 需要同时实现 Person. trait Student: Person { fn university(&self) -> String; } trait Programmer { fn fav_language(&self) -> String; } // CompSciStudent (computer science student) 是 Programmer // 和 Student 的 subtrait. 实现 CompSciStudent 需要先实现这两个 supertraits. trait CompSciStudent: Programmer + Student { fn git_username(&self) -> String; } fn comp_sci_student_greeting(student: &dyn CompSciStudent) -> String { format!( "My name is {} and I attend {}. My favorite language is {}. My Git username is {}", student.name(), student.university(), student.fav_language(), student.git_username() ) } struct CSStudent { name: String, university: String, fav_language: String, git_username: String } // 为 CSStudent 实现所需的特征 impl ... fn main() { let student = CSStudent { name: "Sunfei".to_string(), university: "XXX".to_string(), fav_language: "Rust".to_string(), git_username: "sunface".to_string() }; // 填空 println!("{}", comp_sci_student_greeting(__)); } ``` ## 孤儿原则 关于孤儿原则的详细介绍请参见[特征定义与实现的位置孤儿规则](https://course.rs/basic/trait/trait#特征定义与实现的位置孤儿规则) 和 [在外部类型上实现外部特征](https://course.rs/basic/trait/advance-trait.html#在外部类型上实现外部特征newtype)。 5. 🌟🌟 ```rust,editable use std::fmt; // 定义一个 newtype `Pretty` impl fmt::Display for Pretty { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "\"{}\"", self.0.clone() + ", world") } } fn main() { let w = Pretty("hello".to_string()); println!("w = {}", w); } ``` > You can find the solutions [here](https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/generics-traits/advanced-trait.md)(under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)