perro
/
rust-by-practice
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

add en/string.md

This commit is contained in:
sunface 2022-02-27 13:01:40 +08:00
parent e3bc581d03
commit f7099ea297
18 changed files with 367 additions and 47 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

8
Readme.md
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Rust By Practice ([中文 Readme](./zh-CN/Readme.md))
- Online Reading: [https://exercise.rs](https://exercise.rs)
- Online Reading: [https://practice.rs](https://practice.rs)
Greetings Rustaceans and welcome here， if you have the following problems:
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Another limit for rustlings is that you have to download rustlings to local mach
- more topics and exercises，specially for the hard part of Rust，e.g lifetime、smart pointers、threads 、async/.await etc
- difficulty from easy to hard，it will minimize the gap between learning and using in projects
- up-to-date, e.g features which added in Rust 1.58 also have the corresponding exercises in `exercise.rs`
- Both `course.rs` and `exercise.rs` are designed according to the CS courses in college，so quliaty is the most important factor
- up-to-date, e.g features which added in Rust 1.59 also have the corresponding exercises in `practice.rs`
- Both `course.rs` and `practice.rs` are designed according to the CS courses in college，so quliaty is the most important factor
- real practices

2
en/assets/CNAME
View File

@ -1 +1 @@
exercise.rs
practice.rs

8
en/book.toml
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
[book]
title = "Rust Exercise"
description = "A set of exercises and examples to pratice various aspects of Rust, also for the rust course (book) at https://course.rs"
title = "Rust By Practice"
description = "Learn Rust with Example, Exercise and real Practice, written with ❤️ by https://course.rs team"
authors = ["sunface, https://im.dev"]
language = "en"
@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ enable = true
level = 1
[output.html]
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-exercise"
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-exercise/edit/master/en/{path}"
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice"
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/edit/master/en/{path}"
[rust]
edition = "2021"

2
en/deploy
View File

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ git config user.email "cto@188.com"
git add .
git commit -m 'deploy'
git branch -M gh-pages
git remote add origin https://github.com/sunface/rust-exercise
git remote add origin https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice
## push to github pages
git push -u -f origin gh-pages

15
en/src/SUMMARY.md
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Summary
- [About Exercise.rs](why-exercise.md)
- [Rust By Practice](why-exercise.md)
- [Variables](variables.md)
- [Basic Types](basic-types/intro.md)
- [Numbers](basic-types/numbers.md)
@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
- [Ownership and Borrowing](ownership/intro.md)
- [Ownership](ownership/ownership.md)
- [Reference and Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)
- [Compound Types todo](compound-types/intro.md)
- [string and slice](compound-types/string-slice.md)
- [tuple](compound-types/tuple.md)
- [struct](compound-types/struct.md)
- [enum](compound-types/enum.md)
- [array](compound-types/array.md)
- [Compound Types doing](compound-types/intro.md)
- [string](compound-types/string.md)
- [array todo](compound-types/array.md)
- [slice todo](compound-types/slice.md)
- [tuple todo](compound-types/tuple.md)
- [struct todo](compound-types/struct.md)
- [enum todo](compound-types/enum.md)
- [Flow Control todo](flow-control.md)
- [Pattern Match todo](pattern-match/intro.md)
- [match, if let](pattern-match/match-iflet.md)

5
en/src/compound-types/intro.md
View File

@ -1 +1,6 @@
# Compound Types
Learning resources:
- English: [Rust Book 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 8.2](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-03-slices.html)
- 简体中文: [Rust语言圣经 - 复合类型](https://course.rs/basic/compound-type/intro.html)

10
en/src/compound-types/slice.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
# slice todo
```rust,editable
// The trimmed string is a slice to the original string, hence no new
// allocation is performed
let chars_to_trim: &[char] = &[' ', ','];
let trimmed_str: &str = string.trim_matches(chars_to_trim);
println!("Used characters: {}", trimmed_str);
```

285
en/src/compound-types/string.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
# string
The type of string literal `"hello, world"` is `&str`, e.g `let s: &str = "hello, world"`.
### str and &str
🌟 We can't use `str` type in normal ways, but we can use `&str`
```rust,editable
// fix error without adding new line
fn main() {
let s: str = "hello, world";
}
```
🌟🌟🌟 We can only use `str` by boxed it, `&` can be used to convert `Box<str>` to `&str`
```rust,editable
// fix error with at least two ways
fn main() {
let s: Box<str> = "hello, world".into();
greetings(s)
}
fn greetings(s: &str) {
println!("{}",s)
}
```
### String
`String` type is defined in std and stored as a vector of bytes (Vec<u8>), but guaranteed to always be a valid UTF-8 sequence. String is heap allocated, growable and not null terminated.
🌟
```rust,editable
// fill the blank
fn main() {
let mut s = __;
s.push_str("hello, world");
s.push('!');
assert_eq!(s, "hello, world!");
}
```
🌟🌟🌟
```rust,editable
// fix all errors without adding newline
fn main() {
let s = String::from("hello");
s.push(',');`
s.push(" world");
s += "!".to_string();
println!("{}", s)
}
```
🌟🌟 `replace` can be used to replace substring
```rust,editable
// fill the blank
fn main() {
let s = String::from("I like dogs");
// Allocate new memory and store the modified string there
let s1 = s.__("dogs", "cats");
assert_eq!(s1, "I like cats")
}
```
More `String` methods can be found under [String](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) module.
🌟🌟 You can only concat a `String` with `&str`, and `String`'s ownership can be moved to another variable
```rust,editable
// fix errors
fn main() {
let s1 = String::from("hello,");
let s2 = String::from("world!");
let s3 = s1 + s2;
assert_eq!(s3,"hello,world!");
println!("{}",s1);
}
```
### &str and String
Opsite to the seldom using of `str`, `&str` and `String` are used everywhere!
🌟🌟 `&str` can be converted to `String` in two ways
```rust,editable
// fix error with at lest two ways
fn main() {
let s = "hello, world";
greetings(s)
}
fn greetings(s: String) {
println!("{}",s)
}
```
🌟🌟 We can use `String::from` or `to_string` to convert a `&str` to `String`
```rust,editable
// use two ways to fix error and without adding new line
fn main() {
let s = "hello, world".to_string();
let s1: &str = s;
}
```
### string escapes
🌟
```rust,editable
fn main() {
// You can use escapes to write bytes by their hexadecimal values
// fill the blank below to show "I'm writing Rust"
let byte_escape = "I'm writing Ru\x73__!";
println!("What are you doing\x3F (\\x3F means ?) {}", byte_escape);
// ...or Unicode code points.
let unicode_codepoint = "\u{211D}";
let character_name = "\"DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL R\"";
println!("Unicode character {} (U+211D) is called {}",
unicode_codepoint, character_name );
let long_string = "String literals
can span multiple lines.
The linebreak and indentation here \
can be escaped too!";
println!("{}", long_string);
}
```
🌟🌟 Sometimes there are just too many characters that need to be escaped or it's just much more convenient to write a string out as-is. This is where raw string literals come into play.
```rust,editable
fn main() {
let raw_str = r"Escapes don't work here: \x3F \u{211D}";
println!("{}", raw_str);
// If you need quotes in a raw string, add a pair of #s
let quotes = r#"And then I said: "There is no escape!""#;
println!("{}", quotes);
// If you need "# in your string, just use more #s in the delimiter.
// You can use up to 65535 #s.
let longer_delimiter = r###"A string with "# in it. And even "##!"###;
println!("{}", longer_delimiter);
}
```
🌟🌟🌟
```rust,editable
fn main() {
let raw_str = r"Escapes don't work here: \x3F \u{211D}";
// modify below line to make it work
assert_eq!(raw_str, "Escapes don't work here: ? ℝ");
// If you need quotes in a raw string, add a pair of #s
let quotes = r#"And then I said: "There is no escape!""#;
println!("{}", quotes);
// If you need "# in your string, just use more #s in the delimiter.
// You can use up to 65535 #s.
let delimiter = r###"A string with "# in it. And even "##!"###;
println!("{}", delimiter);
// fill the blank
let long_delimiter = __;
assert_eq!(long_delimiter, "Hello, \"##\"")
}
```
### byte string
Want a string that's not UTF-8? (Remember, str and String must be valid UTF-8). Or maybe you want an array of bytes that's mostly text? Byte strings to the rescue!
**Example**:
```rust,editable
use std::str;
fn main() {
// Note that this is not actually a `&str`
let bytestring: &[u8; 21] = b"this is a byte string";
// Byte arrays don't have the `Display` trait, so printing them is a bit limited
println!("A byte string: {:?}", bytestring);
// Byte strings can have byte escapes...
let escaped = b"\x52\x75\x73\x74 as bytes";
// ...but no unicode escapes
// let escaped = b"\u{211D} is not allowed";
println!("Some escaped bytes: {:?}", escaped);
// Raw byte strings work just like raw strings
let raw_bytestring = br"\u{211D} is not escaped here";
println!("{:?}", raw_bytestring);
// Converting a byte array to `str` can fail
if let Ok(my_str) = str::from_utf8(raw_bytestring) {
println!("And the same as text: '{}'", my_str);
}
let _quotes = br#"You can also use "fancier" formatting, \
like with normal raw strings"#;
// Byte strings don't have to be UTF-8
let shift_jis = b"\x82\xe6\x82\xa8\x82\xb1\x82\xbb"; // "ようこそ" in SHIFT-JIS
// But then they can't always be converted to `str`
match str::from_utf8(shift_jis) {
Ok(my_str) => println!("Conversion successful: '{}'", my_str),
Err(e) => println!("Conversion failed: {:?}", e),
};
}
```
A more detailed listing of the ways to write string literals and escape characters is given in the ['Tokens' chapter](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/tokens.html) of the Rust Reference.
### string index
🌟🌟 You can't use index to access a char in a string, but you can use slice `&s1[start..end]`.
```rust,editable
fn main() {
let s1 = String::from("hi,中国");
let h = s1[0]; //modify this line to fix the error, tips: `h` only takes 1 byte in UTF8 format
assert_eq!(h, "h");
let h1 = &s1[3..5];//modify this line to fix the error, tips: `中` takes 3 bytes in UTF8 format
assert_eq!(h1, "中");
}
```
### operate on UTF8 string
🌟
```rust,editable
fn main() {
// fill the blank to print each char in "你好，世界"
for c in "你好，世界".__ {
println!("{}", c)
}
}
```
🌟🌟
```rust,editable
use utf8_slice;
fn main() {
let s = "The 🚀 goes to the 🌑!";
let rocket = utf8_slice::slice(s, 4, 5);
}
```
#### utf8_slice
You can use [utf8_slice](https://docs.rs/utf8_slice/1.0.0/utf8_slice/fn.slice.html) to slice UTF8 string, it can index chars instead of bytes.
**Example**
```rust
use utf_slice;
fn main() {
let s = "The 🚀 goes to the 🌑!";
let rocket = utf8_slice::slice(s, 4, 5);
// Will equal "🚀"
}
```

18
en/src/functional-programing/iterator.md
View File

@ -1 +1,19 @@
# Iterator
```rust,editable
// (all the type annotations are superfluous)
// A reference to a string allocated in read only memory
let pangram: &'static str = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
println!("Pangram: {}", pangram);
// Iterate over words in reverse, no new string is allocated
println!("Words in reverse");
for word in pangram.split_whitespace().rev() {
println!("> {}", word);
}
// Copy chars into a vector, sort and remove duplicates
let mut chars: Vec<char> = pangram.chars().collect();
chars.sort();
chars.dedup();
```

12
en/src/why-exercise.md
View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
# Rust By Practice
> 中文版[传送门](https://zh.exercise.rs)
> 中文版[传送门](https://zh.practice.rs)
- Online Reading: [https://exercise.rs](https://exercise.rs)
- Online Reading: [https://practice.rs](https://practice.rs)
Greetings Rustaceans and welcome here， if you have the following problems:
@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ If you are a first-time Rust learner, here are some high quality learning resour
Another limit for rustlings is that you have to download rustlings to local machine and compile it first before starting to learn.
## difference to rust by example
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) is an excellent online book for learning Rust，`exercise.rs` has some small advantages in :
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) is an excellent online book for learning Rust，`practice.rs` has some small advantages in :
- more topics and exercises，specially for the hard part of Rust，e.g lifetime、smart pointers、threads 、async/.await etc
- difficulty from easy to hard，it will minimize the gap between learning and using in projects
- up-to-date, e.g features which added in Rust 1.58 also have the corresponding exercises in `exercise.rs`
- Both `course.rs` and `exercise.rs` are designed according to the CS courses in college，so quliaty is the most important factor
- up-to-date, e.g features which added in Rust 1.58 also have the corresponding exercises in `practice.rs`
- Both `course.rs` and `practice.rs` are designed according to the CS courses in college，so quliaty is the most important factor
- real practice

14
zh-CN/Readme.md
View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
# Rust By Practice
- English: [https://exercise.rs](https://exercise.rs)
- 简体中文: [https://zh.exercise.rs](https://zh.exercise.rs)
- English: [https://practice.rs](https://practice.rs)
- 简体中文: [https://zh.practice.rs](https://zh.practice.rs)
欢迎大家来到 `exercise.rs`，在来到这里之前不知道你有没有碰到过以下问题:
欢迎大家来到 `practice.rs`，在来到这里之前不知道你有没有碰到过以下问题:
- 学完知识，想要针对性的练习，但是只能找到一些不痛不痒的习题
- 一些 Rust 工具、标准库等相关的习题更是一个都找不到
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
## 学习 Rust 语言
我们强烈推荐在开始做练习之前，先看看 [<<Rust语言圣经>>]((https://course.rs)) 这本书，它覆盖了从入门到精通所需的全部知识，相信我，里面绝对有你所需要的 Rust 知识。
(悄咪咪的告诉咱中国用户， `exercise.rs` 章节目录和 <<Rust语言圣经>> 完全相同，大家猜猜为什么)
(悄咪咪的告诉咱中国用户， `practice.rs` 章节目录和 <<Rust语言圣经>> 完全相同，大家猜猜为什么)
@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
另一个问题就是 rustlings 需要先下载到本地，然后编译运行，无法在线使用。
## 对比 Rust By Example
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) 是相当不错的在线练习题，相比之前，`exercise.rs` 拥有以下优势 :
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) 是相当不错的在线练习题，相比之前，`practice.rs` 拥有以下优势 :
- 内容覆盖面更广，且练习题更多、针对性更强，充分满足大家做题的快乐
- 难度从简单到困难都有，且更贴合实际
- 跟随 Rust 版本实时更新,
- `course.rs` 和 `exercise.rs` 看域名就知道，它非常有信心才敢使用这两个针对性如此之强的域名，而信心来源于**高质量**
- `course.rs` 和 `practice.rs` 看域名就知道，它非常有信心才敢使用这两个针对性如此之强的域名，而信心来源于**高质量**
- 实践应用

2
zh-CN/assets/CNAME
View File

@ -1 +1 @@
zh.exercise.rs
zh.practice.rs

8
zh-CN/book.toml
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
[book]
title = "Rust Exercise"
description = "A set of exercises and examples to pratice various aspects of Rust, also for the rust course (book) at https://course.rs"
title = "Rust By Practice( Rust 练习实践 )"
description = "Practice Rust with example, exercise and hand-to-hand projects. Written with ❤️ by https://course.rs team"
authors = ["sunface, https://im.dev"]
language = "en"
@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ enable = true
level = 1
[output.html]
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-exercise"
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-exercise/edit/master/zh-CN/{path}"
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice"
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/edit/master/zh-CN/{path}"
[rust]
edition = "2021"

2
zh-CN/deploy
View File

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ git config user.email "cto@188.com"
git add .
git commit -m 'deploy'
git branch -M gh-pages
git remote add origin https://github.com/sunface/zh.exercise.rs
git remote add origin https://github.com/sunface/zh.practice.rs
## push to github pages
git push -u -f origin gh-pages

7
zh-CN/src/SUMMARY.md
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Summary
- [关于 exercise.rs](why-exercise.md)
- [关于 pracitce.rs](why-exercise.md)
- [变量绑定与解构](variables.md)
- [基本类型](basic-types/intro.md)
- [数值类型](basic-types/numbers.md)
@ -11,11 +11,12 @@
- [所有权](ownership/ownership.md)
- [引用和借用](ownership/borrowing.md)
- [复合类型 todo](compound-types/intro.md)
- [字符串与切片](compound-types/string-slice.md)
- [字符串](compound-types/string.md)
- [数组](compound-types/array.md)
- [切片](compound-types/slice.md)
- [元组](compound-types/tuple.md)
- [结构体](compound-types/struct.md)
- [枚举](compound-types/enum.md)
- [数组](compound-types/array.md)
- [流程控制 todo](flow-control.md)
- [模式匹配 todo](pattern-match/intro.md)
- [match 和 if let](pattern-match/match-iflet.md)

1
zh-CN/src/compound-types/string-slice.md
View File

@ -1 +0,0 @@
# string and slice

0
en/src/compound-types/string-slice.md → zh-CN/src/compound-types/string.md
View File

15
zh-CN/src/why-exercise.md
View File

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# Rust By Practice
> 英文版 [传送门](https://exercise.rs)
> 英文版 [传送门](https://practice.rs)
欢迎大家来到 `exercise.rs`，在来到这里之前不知道你有没有碰到过以下问题:
欢迎大家来到 `practice.rs`，在来到这里之前不知道你有没有碰到过以下问题:
- 学完知识，想要针对性的练习，但是只能找到一些不痛不痒的习题
- 一些 Rust 工具、标准库等相关的习题更是一个都找不到
@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
## 在线阅读
本书同时提供了中文和英文版本:
- English: [https://exercise.rs](https://exercise.rs)
- 简体中文: [https://zh.exercise.rs](https://zh.exercise.rs)
- English: [https://practice.rs](https://exercise.rs)
- 简体中文: [https://zh.practice.rs](https://zh.exercise.rs)
## 关于练习题的说明
- 一切都在线化： 阅读、编辑和测试代码，当然还包括错误提示
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
## 学习 Rust 语言
我们强烈推荐在开始做练习之前，先看看 [<<Rust语言圣经>>]((https://course.rs)) 这本书，它覆盖了从入门到精通所需的全部知识，相信我，里面绝对有你所需要的 Rust 知识。
(悄咪咪的告诉咱中国用户， `exercise.rs` 章节目录和 <<Rust语言圣经>> 完全相同，大家猜猜为什么)
(悄咪咪的告诉咱中国用户， `practice.rs` 章节目录和 <<Rust语言圣经>> 完全相同，大家猜猜为什么)
@ -36,12 +36,13 @@
另一个问题就是 rustlings 需要先下载到本地，然后编译运行，无法在线使用。
## 对比 Rust By Example
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) 是相当不错的在线练习题，相比之前，`exercise.rs` 拥有以下优势 :
[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/) 是相当不错的在线练习题，相比之前，`practice.rs` 拥有以下优势 :
- 内容覆盖面更广，且练习题更多、针对性更强，充分满足大家做题的快乐
- 难度从简单到困难都有，且更贴合实际
- 跟随 Rust 版本实时更新,
- `course.rs` 和 `exercise.rs` 看域名就知道，它非常有信心才敢使用这两个针对性如此之强的域名，而信心来源于**高质量**
- `course.rs` 和 `practice.rs` 看域名就知道，它非常有信心才敢使用这两个针对性如此之强的域名，而信心来源于**高质量**
- 应用实践