Add zh/crate-module
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# Crate
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# Package and Crate
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`package` 是你通过 `Cargo` 创建的工程或项目,因此在 `package` 的根目录下会有一个 `Cargo.toml` 文件。
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1. 🌟 创建一个 `package`,拥有以下目录结构:
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```shell
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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└── src
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└── main.rs
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1 directory, 2 files
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```
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```toml
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# in Cargo.toml
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[package]
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name = "hello-package"
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version = "0.1.0"
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edition = "2021"
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```
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> 注意! 我们会在包与模块中使用上面的项目作为演示,因此不要删除
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2. 🌟 创建一个 package,拥有以下目录结构:
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```shell
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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└── src
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└── lib.rs
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1 directory, 2 files
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```
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```toml
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# in Cargo.toml
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[package]
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name = "hello-package1"
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version = "0.1.0"
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edition = "2021"
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```
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> 该项目可以安全的移除
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3. 🌟
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```rust,editable
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/* 使用你的答案填空 */
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// Q: package 1# 和 2# 的区别是什么 ?
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// A: __
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```
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## 包Crate
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一个包可以是二进制也可以一个依赖库。每一个包都有一个包根,例如二进制包的包根是 `src/main.rs`,库包的包根是 `src/lib.rs`。包根是编译器开始处理源代码文件的地方,同时也是包模块树的根部。
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在 package `hello-package` 中,有一个二进制包,该包与 `package` 同名 : `hello-package`, 其中 `src/main.rs` 是该二进制包的包根.
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与 `hello-package` 类似, `hello-package1` 同样包含一个包,但是与之前的二进制包不同,该 package 包含的是库包,其中 `src/lib.rs` 是其包根.
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4. 🌟
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```rust,editable
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/* 填空 */
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// Q: package `hello-package1` 中的库包名称是?
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// A: __
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```
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5. 🌟🌟 为 `hello-package` 添加一个库包,并且完成以下目录结构的填空:
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```shell,editable
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# 填空
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.
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├── Cargo.lock
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── src
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│ ├── __
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│ └── __
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```
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在上一个步骤后,我们的 `hello-package` 中已经存在两个包:一个二进制包和一个库包,两个包的名称都与 package 相同:`hello-package`。
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6. 🌟🌟🌟 一个 package 最多只能包含一个库包,但是却可以包含多个二进制包:通过将二进制文件放入到 `src/bin` 目录下实现: **该目录下的每个文件都是一个独立的二进制包,包名与文件名相同,不再与 package 的名称相同。**.
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```shell,editable
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# 创建一个 a package 包含以下包:
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# 1. 三个二进制包: `hello-package`, `main1` and `main2`
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# 2. 一个库包
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# 并完成以下目录结构的填空
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── Cargo.lock
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├── src
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│ ├── __
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│ ├── __
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│ └── __
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│ └── __
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│ └── __
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├── tests # 存放集成测试文件的目录
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│ └── some_integration_tests.rs
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├── benches # 存放 benchmark 文件的目录dir for benchmark files
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│ └── simple_bench.rs
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└── examples # 存放示例文件的目录
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└── simple_example.rs
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```
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可以看到,上面的 package 结构非常标准,你可以在很多 Rust 项目中看到该结构的身影。
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> You can find the solutions [here](https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice) (under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)
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@ -1 +1,195 @@
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# Module
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在 Rust 语言圣经中,我们已经深入讲解过[模块module](https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/module.html),这里就不再赘述,直接开始我们的练习。
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之前我们创建了一个 package `hello-package`,它的目录结构在经过多次修改后,变成了以下模样:
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```shell
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── src
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│ ├── lib.rs
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│ └── main.rs
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```
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下面,我们来为其中的库包创建一些模块,然后在二进制包中使用这些模块。
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1. 🌟🌟 根据以下的模块树描述实现模块 `front_of_house` :
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```shell
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库包的根(src/lib.rs)
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└── front_of_house
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├── hosting
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│ ├── add_to_waitlist
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│ └── seat_at_table
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└── serving
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├── take_order
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├── serve_order
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├── take_payment
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└── complain
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```
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```rust,editable
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// 填空
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// in __.rs
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mod front_of_house {
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// 实现此模块
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}
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```
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2. 🌟🌟 让我们在库包的根中定义一个函数 `eat_at_restaurant`, 然后在该函数中调用之前创建的函数 `eat_at_restaurant`
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```rust
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// in lib.rs
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// 填空并修复错误
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// 提示:你需要通过 `pub` 将一些项标记为公有的,这样模块 `front_of_house` 中的项才能被模块外的项访问
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mod front_of_house {
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/* ...snip... */
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}
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pub fn eat_at_restaurant() {
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// 使用绝对路径调用
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__.add_to_waitlist();
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// 使用相对路径调用
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__.add_to_waitlist();
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}
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```
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3. 🌟🌟 我们还可以使用 `super` 来导入父模块中的项
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```rust,editable
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// in lib.rs
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mod back_of_house {
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fn fix_incorrect_order() {
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cook_order();
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// 使用三种方式填空
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//1. 使用关键字 `super`
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//2. 使用绝对路径
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__.serve_order();
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}
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fn cook_order() {}
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}
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```
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### 将模块分离并放入独立的文件中
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```rust
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// in lib.rs
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pub mod front_of_house {
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pub mod hosting {
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pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
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pub fn seat_at_table() -> String {
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String::from("sit down please")
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}
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}
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pub mod serving {
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pub fn take_order() {}
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pub fn serve_order() {}
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pub fn take_payment() {}
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// 我猜你不希望顾客听到你在抱怨他们,因此让这个函数私有化吧
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fn complain() {}
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}
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}
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pub fn eat_at_restaurant() -> String {
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front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist();
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back_of_house::cook_order();
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String::from("yummy yummy!")
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}
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pub mod back_of_house {
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pub fn fix_incorrect_order() {
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cook_order();
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crate::front_of_house::serving::serve_order();
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}
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pub fn cook_order() {}
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}
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```
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4. 🌟🌟🌟🌟 请将上面的模块和代码分离到以下目录文件中e :
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```shell
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── src
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│ ├── back_of_house.rs
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│ ├── front_of_house
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│ │ ├── hosting.rs
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│ │ ├── mod.rs
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│ │ └── serving.rs
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│ ├── lib.rs
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│ └── main.rs
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```
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```rust,editable
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// in src/lib.rs
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// IMPLEMENT...
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```
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```rust,editable
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// in src/back_of_house.rs
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// IMPLEMENT...
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```
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```rust,editable
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// in src/front_of_house/mod.rs
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// IMPLEMENT...
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```
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```rust,editable
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// in src/front_of_house/hosting.rs
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// IMPLEMENT...
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```
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```rust,editable
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// in src/front_of_house/serving.rs
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// IMPLEMENT...
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```
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### 从二进制包中访问库包的代码
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**请确保你已经完成了第四题,然后再继续进行.**
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当到底此处时,你的项目结构应该如下所示:
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```shell
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.
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├── Cargo.toml
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├── src
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│ ├── back_of_house.rs
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│ ├── front_of_house
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│ │ ├── hosting.rs
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│ │ ├── mod.rs
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│ │ └── serving.rs
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│ ├── lib.rs
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│ └── main.rs
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```
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5. 🌟🌟🌟现在我们可以从二进制包中发起函数调用了.
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```rust,editable
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// in src/main.rs
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// 填空并修复错误
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fn main() {
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assert_eq!(__, "sit down please");
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assert_eq!(__,"yummy yummy!");
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}
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```
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> You can find the solutions [here](https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice) (under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)
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# use and pub
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1. 🌟 使用 `use` 可以将两个同名类型引入到当前作用域中,但是别忘了 `as` 关键字.
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```rust,editable
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use std::fmt::Result;
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use std::io::Result;
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fn main() {}
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```
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2. 🌟🌟 如果我们在使用来自同一个包或模块中的多个不同项,那么可以通过简单的方式将它们一次性引入进来
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```rust,editable
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// 使用两种方式填空
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// 不要添加新的代码行
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use std::collections::__;
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fn main() {
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let _c1:HashMap<&str, i32> = HashMap::new();
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let mut c2 = BTreeMap::new();
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c2.insert(1, "a");
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let _c3: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::new();
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}
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```
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### 使用 `pub use` 进行再导出
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3. 🌟🌟🌟 在之前创建的`hello-package` 的库包中, 添加一些代码让下面的代码能够正常工作
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```rust,editable
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fn main() {
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assert_eq!(hello_package::hosting::seat_at_table(), "sit down please");
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assert_eq!(hello_package::eat_at_restaurant(),"yummy yummy!");
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}
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```
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### pub(in Crate)
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有时我们希望某一个项只对特定的包可见,那么就可以使用 `pub(in Crate)` 语法.
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#### 示例
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```rust,editable
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pub mod a {
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pub const I: i32 = 3;
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fn semisecret(x: i32) -> i32 {
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use self::b::c::J;
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x + J
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}
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pub fn bar(z: i32) -> i32 {
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semisecret(I) * z
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}
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pub fn foo(y: i32) -> i32 {
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semisecret(I) + y
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}
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mod b {
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pub(in crate::a) mod c {
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pub(in crate::a) const J: i32 = 4;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### 完整代码
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至此,包与模块章节已经结束,关于 `hello-package` 的完整代码可以在[这里](https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/tree/master/practices/hello-package) 找到.
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> You can find the solutions [here](https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice) (under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)
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